Different heating of Maxwellian and kappa distributions at shocks

Ion heating in collisionless shocks is non-adiabatic and efficient. The amount of the downstream distributions depend on shock parameters incident ion distribution. number reflected ions their distribution detailed shape tail In supercritical contribution significant. Kappa distributed are heated more strongly have a larger fraction than Maxwellian with same upstream temperature parameters. For kappa phase space dips shallower.